Écho des études romanes, 2007 (vol. 3), issue 1-2

De la potentialité à la synchronie dynamique : un héritage oublié du Cercle de PragueFrench

From potentiality to synchronic dynamism: forgotten heritage of Prague School

Jan RADIMSKÝ

Écho des études romanes 2007, 3(1):7-12 | DOI: 10.32725/eer.2007.001  

Mathesius lu à la lumière de SaussureFrench

Mathesius red in the light of Saussure

Gilbert LAZARD

Écho des études romanes 2007, 3(1):13-23 | DOI: 10.32725/eer.2007.002  

Reading Mathesius' 1911 famous article in the light of Ferdinand de Saussure's theorisation highlights the convergence between the two scholars as renovators of the approach to the study of language. It clarifies the notion of synchrony and the dialectical relationship between the system of a language (la langue) and its actualisation in discourse (la parole), which are both underlying in Mathesius' article.

La dynamique synchronique dans les languesFrench

Synchronic dynamics in languages

Colette FEUILLARD

Écho des études romanes 2007, 3(1):25-40 | DOI: 10.32725/eer.2007.003  

The present paper aims to discuss the notions and phenomena of oscillation and potentiality (Mathesius) in comparison to synchronic dynamic of language (Martinet). The objective will be to see the field of each of them and their mutual relations.

Une interprétation matricielle de la théorie de la potentialité de Vilém MathesiusFrench

A matrix interpretation of Vilém Mathesius' theory of potentiality

Amr Helmy IBRAHIM

Écho des études romanes 2007, 3(1):41-54 | DOI: 10.32725/eer.2007.004  

In his founding article on the potential character of the phenomena of language that he defines in terms of static oscillation, Vilém Mathesius considers that a number of problems related to variation in synchrony in a linguistic community, a group of locutors or even an individual, can be explained through strictly grammatical mechanisms depending on the general structure of the language and not on stylistic or rhetorical variations related to an isolated or fundamentally subjective use of the language. We try to show why Mathesius' thesis represents a remarkable advance for its time, which is confirmed by his very pertinent and modern interpretation...

La norme et la dynamique historiques - le cas de l’accord du participe passé après le verbe avoir en françaisFrench

Historical norm and dynamics ? The past participle agreement after the verb avoir

Ondřej PEŠEK

Écho des études romanes 2007, 3(1):55-62 | DOI: 10.32725/eer.2007.005  

The aim of this paper is to analyze the rule of past participle agreement during the evolution of the French language. Our interest is not to dissert on the complication of the rule but to bring out the factors determining the dynamics of the realization of this agreement in the past. We try to show that these factors are of semantic, syntactic and phonetic nature. Moreover, the rule is an excellent example which allows us to demonstrate the consequences that a mature codification can have for the evolution of a language.

Féminin et féminisation en français contemporainFrench

Feminine and feminization in contemporary French

Anna BOCHNAKOWA

Écho des études romanes 2007, 3(1):63-70 | DOI: 10.32725/eer.2007.006  

Feminisation of occupation and function names follows general rules of feminine nouns formation in French. However, for some twenty years now, their use has aroused a lot of controversy. Arguments for neutral masculine forms and for feminine forms are mainly of non-linguistic nature, they are rather based on professional situation of women in the contemporary society. In reference to feminine forms listed in Femme, j'écris ton nom (1999) and in the linguistic column of Le Figaro (1996 - 2000), the paper discusses morphological and sociocultural factors that contribute to the static oscillation (term of V. Mathesius) of occupation and...

Les impératifs italiens entre verbe et interjectionFrench

Italian imperatives between verb and interjection

Franck FLORICIC

Écho des études romanes 2007, 3(1):71-92 | DOI: 10.32725/eer.2007.007  

The aim of this contribution is to discuss the place and status of imperative forms in the verbal morphology of Italian. After presenting some major verbal paradigms, we question the relevance of considering the imperative as an independent morphological category. We conclude that the Italian imperative is not distinguished by any specific property, the members that make up the imperative 'paradigm' being borrowed from the paradigm of the indicative (present) or the subjunctive. In fact, the only forms of the imperative that offer any differentiation are those of so-called 'monosyllabic' verbs, whose morphosyntactic properties take them outside the...

De la potentialité du système linguistique : le cas des suffixes verbaux à fonction quantifianteFrench

The potentiality of the linguistic system: the case of quantifying verbal suffixes

Agnieszka KALISKA

Écho des études romanes 2007, 3(1):93-108 | DOI: 10.32725/eer.2007.008  

The purpose of our research is to consider how a quantifying suffix (-iller, -ailler, -ouiller, -iter, -eter, -oter, -iner, -uler, -eler, -oler, -onner) may affect the semantic of verbs. The quantificational interpretation (multiplicative, diminutive, frequentative, intensive) depends more on particularities of the semantic of a verb than on the function of a suffix which is very variable. Moreover, quantifying suffixes are more problematic because of their capacity to reflecting the expressivity, in some cases by antiphrasis. Considering all these things, the derivational...

Un confixe autonome est-il un substantif épithète ? Remarques à propos de la directionnalité dans la morphologie lexicaleFrench

Is an isolable confix an adjecive noun ? Remarks on directionality in lexical morphology

Jan RADIMSKÝ

Écho des études romanes 2007, 3(1):109-122 | DOI: 10.32725/eer.2007.009  

In the present contribution, we propose to analyse the phenomenon of synonymous pairs of lexical units of the type "radiogiornale" and "giornale radio" in Italian. The peculiarity of the phenomenon lies in the fact that in these units, the order of the constituents seems random, which is quite exceptional in the field of lexical morphology. The results show that this phenomenon cannot be described by formal rules, but obeys perfectly the theory of potentiality or dynamic synchrony, formulated at the beginning of the 20th century by Vilém Mathesius (1982, 19111). On the other hand, the data conform to Bruno Migliorini's (1963 : 33-34) hypothesis, according...

Oscillation sémantique (Mathesius) vs. variation synchronique dynamique (linguistique fonctionnelle) du lexique argotiqueFrench

Semantic oscillation (Mathesius) vs. dynamic synchronic variation (functional linguistics) of the slang lexicon

Jean-Pierre GOUDAILLIER

Écho des études romanes 2007, 3(1):123-128 | DOI: 10.32725/eer.2007.010  

The contribution of the Prague school to modern linguistics has been unquestionable since 1911 as far as the theory of a norm and language codification is concerned. For such linguists as Bohuslav Havránek and Vilém Mathesius, codification reflects the norm and serves unification and stabilisation. It is also about taking into account the evolution of language, but bearing in mind the principle of flexible stabilisation. The Prague terms concerning the norm and codification correspond to statistic norm and prescriptive norm respectively, as used in functional linguistics. From the point of view of synchronic dynamics, linguistic analyses of traditional...

Les antonymes dans la langue et dans le discoursFrench

Antonyms in language and in discourse

Teresa GIERMAK-ZIELINSKA

Écho des études romanes 2007, 3(1):129-136 | DOI: 10.32725/eer.2007.011  

The article offers a brief study of the opposition of meaning and points out that it can be situated at two levels: systemic and discursive.

Oscillation sémantique en tant qu’expression de la potentialité linguistiqueFrench

Semantic oscillation as the expression of linguistic potential

Alicja KACPRZAK

Écho des études romanes 2007, 3(1):137-142 | DOI: 10.32725/eer.2007.012  

The phenomenon of semantic oscillation described by V. Mathesius in his paper De potentialité des phénomènes linguistiques (1911) should be understood as an expression of linguistic potential at the level of the sense of lexical unity. Indeed, semantic oscillation accompanies the state of flexible stability of meaning, during a given period. Linguistic potential includes two aspects: on the one hand, variations between individual ways of expression within the same linguistic community; on the other hand, variations in the code of the same person. At the semantic level, such variations (oscillations) may refer to: 1. neological fragility...

La dynamique du système linguistique : les adverbes en tchèque et en françaisFrench

The dynamics of the linguistic system: adverbs in Czech and French

Slavomíra JEŽKOVÁ

Écho des études romanes 2007, 3(1):143-148 | DOI: 10.32725/eer.2007.013  

The contribution focuses on the dynamics of the language system. It compares the dynamics of two languages: Czech and French from the contrastive point of view. It studies the use of two adverbs mentioned by bilingual dictionaries generally as equivalent: point in French and vůbec in Czech.

Sur la dynamique des expressions à prédicat nominalFrench

The dynamics of nominal predicate expressions

Grażyna VETULANI

Écho des études romanes 2007, 3(1):149-156 | DOI: 10.32725/eer.2007.014  

This paper aims at contributing to the study of dynamics of the linguistic system of Polish and related phenomena with focus on predicative nouns. We report on the recent research on machine-assisted acquisition of verbo-nominal collocations from text corpora. The presented method permitted us to largely extend the resources obtained so far on the ground of dictionary-based methods.

De la dynamique dans l’évolution du discours politiqueFrench

Dynamics in the evolution of political discourse

Joanna JERECZEK-LIPINSKA

Écho des études romanes 2007, 3(1):157-171 | DOI: 10.32725/eer.2007.015  

At the hour of the Net even the policies convert with the blog which thus became a new instrument of expression, of political consultation but especially of propaganda. We would attend with the advent of new media, the birth of a new form of democracy and finally the appearance of the policy with more human face which with a different writing passes from politically correct to politically direct, of an institutional speech to the more personal tone. Indeed, the political speech changes considerably, and this more and more quickly as well in its form in the content. The object here is to determine the dynamics in which this form began of expression.

Osservazioni sulle scale semantiche in italiano a cofronto dell’inglese e del cecoItalian

Observations on semantic scales in Italian compared to English and Czech

Eva KLÍMOVÁ

Écho des études romanes 2007, 3(1):173-181 | DOI: 10.32725/eer.2007.016  

The contribution deals with semantics as one of the factors of functional sentence perspective (FSP) in Italian, in comparison with English and Czech. Firstly, all the factors of FSP are introduced, i.e. linearity, context, semantics, and, in the spoken language, intonation, with the aim to show that the sentence perspective is the result of their interplay. The main attention is paid to semantics: sentence elements are observed in their dynamic semantic functions on the Firbasian presentation scale and quality scale with regard to the impact that the grammatical, i.e. morpho-syntactical rules of typologically different languages play not only in the...

Las variantes nominativas de las construcciones no nominativas en español: dinámica del sitema lingüísticoSpanish

Nominative variants of non-nominative constructions in Spanish: dynamism of language system

Miroslava AUROVÁ

Écho des études romanes 2007, 3(1):183-193 | DOI: 10.32725/eer.2007.017  

Spanish is a language of nominative pattern, nevertheless some constructions show non-nominative syntactic behaviour. It is the case of constructions traditionally called impersonals, within GB framework, called non-nominative, i.e. constructions lacking overt nominative nominal element. Non-nominative character is usually explained as inheritance of ancient stage of I(ndo)-E(uropean) languages, suppressed by predominant subject-orientation of IE. In the current linguistic system of Spanish, some impersonal construction remain typically non-nominative, however, they can form nominative variants. On the basis of examples of Spanish impersonals, I will...